BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitsexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilwar，withsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportation，manufacturing，andtradeanddistribution。thedevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddlethirdofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeed，volume，andregularityofshipmentsandcommunications，makingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods。

　　inagriculture，thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevators，thecottonpresses，thewarehouses，andthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation‘sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem。inmanufacturing，thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofanewfactorysysteminwhichplantsbecamelarger，morecomplex，andmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged。andindistribution，thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber，thewholesaler，andthemassretailer。thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920。

　　tobesure，therewerestillsmallworkshops，whereskilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures。therewerethesweatshopsincitytenements，wheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis。andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexistedwithinasinglebuildings。Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2。7millionin1880to4。5millionin1900to8。4millionin1920，thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveworksinphiladelphiaburgeoned，asdidthesizeoftheaverageplant。（theBaldwinworkshad600employeesin1855，3，000in1875，and8，000in1900。）By1920，atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation‘smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentrated，three－quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan1，000employees。

　　1。theworddomainsinline3isclosestinmeaningto（a）fields

　　（B）locations

　　（C）organizations

　　（D）occupations

　　2。whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheagriculturalsectoroftheeconomyaftertheCivilwar？

　　（a）newtechnologicaldevelopmentshadlittleeffectonfarmers。

　　（B）thepercentageofthetotalpopulationworkinginagriculturedeclined。

　　（C）manyfarmsdestroyedinthewarwererebuiltafterthewar。

　　（D）Farmersachievednewprosperitybecauseofbetterruraltransportation。

　　3。thewordfundamentalinline7isclosestinmeaningto

　　（a）possible

　　（B）basic

　　（C）gradual

　　（D）unique